Sometimes family doctors actually subsidised their patients' treatment on the quiet. In addition there was a massive involvement of charitable giving by the rich, which is often forgotten about now. eg the heiress of the local brewery where I live gave the equivalent of millions of pounds in today's money, to buy X-ray equipment and support new wards in the Infirmary. Like many of her generation, she had a 'leftish' political outlook and it was this outlook among the upper classes that led to the welfare state reforms after the war.