http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/techniques/pests /aphids.htm
It is unlikely to kill the plant, but it can seriously weaken it.
Other friendly ways of controlling aphids include rubbing them off with your fingers, spray them off with water and the use of insecticidal soap (a potassium-salt soap available at most garden centres). Many people have success by spraying weekly with very diluted washing up liquid - about one teaspoon of Fairy Liquid to a couple of litres of water.