Diesel engines have what are called glow plugs, they are electrically heated devices in the cylinders: they operate for a short period before the engine starts to assist combustion when the engine has not been running.
Exactly how Fiat tests for "pre-heat" I don't know, maybe they measure the current drawn by all the glow plugs? If one has failed less current would be drawn so a current test would be a reasonable thing to do.
You may not be able to tell in warmer weather, but in colder weather if it only fires up on 3 cylinders at first that would also indicate a glow plug problem.