The water levels on both sides of the u-bend (we'll call them the inlet side, wihch comes from the sink above, and the outlet side, which goes over a hump and to the drain) are equal and at the level of top of the hump on the outlet side. As soon as the water level on the inlet side rises above that on the outlet side, water will begin to flow over the hump on the outlet side. The water doesn't necessarily biuld up, but the water level on the inlet side does have to be higher on one side of the u-bend for water to flow through it.