I would agree that it is the motherboard. though I'm surprised that forcing the power into a USB socket done that much damage, pretty much all laptop power supplies supply the + in the centre of the connector, so all it should have done is shorted the USB 5v to ground.
to get the pictures of the drive either take it into a local PC shop (I would not recommend PC world) and they will do it for you, or, again, take it to local PC shop and tell them you would like to buy a USB caddy for a hard drive and ask them if they will remove the drive from the laptop and fit it into the caddy for you. you can then just plug the drive into yoour new computer and copy the stuff off it. you will then be left with a hard drive in a USB caddy you can use for other stuff.