Nobody can ever design a perfect spam filter. After all, the person who designs them might not know that you actually want to receive emails about breast enlargements, offers of cheap viagra and lots of easy money for helping a Nigerian prince ;-)
So spam filters simply try to pick up clues about whether an email is likely to be spam. One of the ways that they do so is by looking at the IP address from where the mail originates. If it's known that several million emails advertising dodgy pharmaceutical products have all come from a particular IP address, it might seem reasonable to cast doubt upon any other emails coming from that address.
The problem is that most IP addresses are allocated 'dynamically'. Your ISP has a bank of addresses. When you connect to the internet you're randomly allocated one of them, which you retain until you disconnect. Later that address will be allocated to someone else. If the address that you're given has previously been used by a spammer it's likely that any emails you send will also be treated as spam. So that may well account for any problems you experience with outgoing mail.
The same problem is less likely to happen with incoming mail from, say, airlines because they're more likely to have 'static' email addresses. However a spammer might, for example, send out loads of emails with a (faked) return address of something like
[email protected]. If so, a poorly configured spam filter might then try to block anything you receive from 'ryanair.com', including legitimate flight confirmations.
Chris