Jettisonable external fuel tank or drop tanks for short... most are not dropped when empty, since they are expensive and one doesn't know for sure where they would fall to Earth. Only jettisoned when entering emergency situation or unexpected combat...
As Clanad says Drop Tanks. They are used on military aircraft and are dropped when engaging in dogfights as they have a significant effect on the performance of the aircraft. Since modern fighters mainly use AA missiles, they haven't been used much since WW2 and Korean Wars, though I think the US still used them in Vietnam.
Why did you put your question here and in Quizzes and Puzzles. Do you not see how people have wasted their time fully answering your question when you only wanted the answer 'drop tank'?