It might just be a problem with the shortcut that you're using to launch Chrome, rather than with the program itself.
The following instructions apply to Windows 7 but they should be basically the same for any version of Windows:
Display the contents of your hard drive in a window. [In W7 that's achieved by going to Start > Computer and double-clicking on 'Windows (C:)']
Double-click on each of the following in turn:
Program Files (x86)
Google
Chrome
Application
Chrome
If Chrome then launches normally you'll know that it's simply a shortcut problem. Delete the existing shortcut[s] on your desktop and/or taskbar and/or Start menu. Follow the same path as above but at the end, instead of launching Chrome, right-click on it. Select 'Pin to Taskbar' and/or 'Send to > Desktop (Create Shortcut)' and/or 'Pin to Start Menu'.
If Chrome doesn't launch when you try to run it directly from its location, run a malware scan, reboot your computer and try again. If it still doesn't run, uninstall it, RESTART YOUR COMPUTER (IMPORTANT!) and reinstall it.