Within the Church of England, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and appointed himself Head of the Church but the rituals and prayers remained essentially the same. It was during the reign of his son Edward that the real break, I'm afraid I don't have the exact details but a new bible was published during his reign which was more in keeping with his beliefs, Edward was very influenced by the Lutherans. What you really need is information on the Reformation which began with Martin Luther in 1517, I can't recommend any websites but I'm sure one of the other answerbankers will be able to help more then I can.
Sorry to be pedantic Einstein, but in the Creed the word 'catholic' is used with a small c to mean 'universal' or 'all-embracing' and is nothing to do with Roman Catholics. I shall withdraw quietly now and let you continue!
While I agree with much of what is eritten above, it ignores the first great split in the Christian church, which was the 11th Century Great Schism, between the Eastern church (headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople) and the Western (headed by the Pope in Rome). The Orthodox Churches (Greek, Russian, et al) are offshoots of the Eastern church.