As jno says, when you delete a file, the file is not actually deleted, only the pointer that tells the Operating System where the file is located. The 'deleted' file is still there on your hard drive until such time as it is overwritten by new data and would be recoverable by most data recovery software.
Actually 'erasing free space' writes '0's to the drive, essentially overwriting whatever data was 'deleted', in order to make it unrecoverable.
Once the process has finished, all the free space will be returned to it's previous free space status.
On a Mac, there is the option to 'secure empty trash' rather than the standard 'empty trash'. Secure empty trash performs the writing of '0's as mentioned above and actually 'frees up' disc space. Is this process what you are actually asking about?
I don't know if Windows has the equivalent of Mac's 'secure empty trash' feature).