The Crab nebula is the remnant of a star that was distroyed in 1054
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_nebula
This is one that went off in 1604
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1604
is that the sort of thing you mean or do you mean variable stars? Omicron Ceti was the first variable to be identified way back in 1596.
it varies between 2nd and 10th magnitude. a magnitude 2 star is quite bright and is 2.5 times brighter than a mag 3 which is 2.5 times brighter than mag 4 etc.
6.5 is said to be the limit of naked eye visibility making omicron ceti the original "now you see it now you don't act"